https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles daily 0.75 2018-11-16 https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/6/22/why-i-write-these-essays monthly 0.5 2018-11-12 https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/6/18/the-journey monthly 0.5 2018-10-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1535917144537-IH6MLRUIGX13ZR85MV5L/Eratosthenes_measure_of_Earth_circumference.svg.png Essays - The Journey Shows how the 7 degree shadow at Alexandria is the same as the angle at the cetre of the Earth between the two places. Source - Wikimedia, David Monniaux https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/7/9/knowledge-fans monthly 0.5 2018-10-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1531157608071-KYXJUSLE9UM9W5W910OU/Old+earth+fan.jpg Essays - Knowledge Fans Source - Me https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1532364857554-9LC843HKAVTM3TSMQOXX/radiometric%2Bdating%2Bchart.jpg Essays - Knowledge Fans Source - Me https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/7/11/and-why-it-sometimes-doesnt monthly 0.5 2018-10-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1535975690784-3PFYI633MHK1XXPN1G8C/The_Cognitive_Bias_Codex_-_180%2B_biases%2C_designed_by_John_Manoogian_III_%28jm3%29.png Essays - And Why It Sometimes Doesn't The Cognitive Bias Codex. Source Wikipedia - Design JM3, John Manoogian III - Concept, Buster Benson https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1535976279790-BKICPY103HHU1K77U4F4/Scientific_Method_3.jpg Essays - And Why It Sometimes Doesn't The scientific method shows how scientific enquiry is a constantly refining and self-challenging process. Source - Wikimedia, Whatiguana https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1535977345195-ZAZB7YAPI2ZTI6PMCW0A/VW_NOx_emissions_WVU.svg.png Essays - And Why It Sometimes Doesn't In a study by the West Virginia University Real-world NOx emissions were found to exceed the US-EPA Tier2-Bin5 (at full useful life) standard by a factor of 15 to 35 for the VW Jetta and by a factor of 5 to 20 for the VW Passat. Source - Wikipedia, Jzh2074 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1535978418764-6ONOALFSRSVD9KROZDL9/Matilda_Effect.png Essays - And Why It Sometimes Doesn't The Matilda Effect was coind by science historian Margaret W. Rossiter in 1993. Source - Wikipedia, IlluScientia https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/6/21/the-osmosis-of-friendship monthly 0.5 2018-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1535995037192-V92Q5T7WIJNQ5TDM3AUZ/osmosis.jpg Essays - The Osmosis of Friendship In any situation where two different states have the ability to exchange part of their substance, both will be changed. Source - Me https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/7/3/quotable-quotes monthly 0.5 2018-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530633441556-CGOHR6W784J6URP6X78D/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg Essays - Quotable Quotes by Orren Jack Turner 1947 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530634230675-NUIPMKMA22GL45QYYKP4/Richard-feynman.jpg Essays - Quotable Quotes Richard Feynman teaching at Cornell University https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1532275686035-IF0PTGQ4J56TYQL1G0G0/Carl_Sagan_Planetary_Society_cropped.png Essays - Quotable Quotes Image from the Planetary Society by NASA https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530731244491-D41HL6UDYACBO34YURQO/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg Essays - Quotable Quotes Portrait by Sir Godfrey Knellor - 1689 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530731305764-OUARGV8JL70CKUPACBFS/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei_-_WGA21972.jpg Essays - Quotable Quotes Portrait by Justus Sustsermans - 1636 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1532276688142-BP7SXZQVNNSXY8ZL21MN/Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg Essays - Quotable Quotes Plato (right) and Aristotle from The School of Athens Fresco by Raphael - 1511 https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/10/30/the-resonance-of-sophie-germain monthly 0.5 2018-11-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1541279313772-BWVKI0PU3E5ZHKXHPJGX/Portrait_Sophie_Germain.jpg Essays - The Elasticity of Sophie Germain Marie-Sophie Germain. Source - womwnyoushouldknow.net https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1541338573165-0ISQPDPZATQACEPW6TVX/Joseph-Louis_Lagrange.jpeg Essays - The Elasticity of Sophie Germain Joseph Louis Legrange. Source - Wikimedia https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1541591103150-V53YTWUYRE1I6XUTEGUR/Document4.jpg Essays - The Elasticity of Sophie Germain Chladni, his vibrating plate and some of the patterns produced. Source - Wikimedia https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1541713428654-FLZK99RXI6J5X9X73BJZ/Document4.jpg Essays - The Elasticity of Sophie Germain Left - Pierre de Fermat (1607-1667) Centre - Arien-Marie Legendre (1752-1833) Right - Carl Frederick Gauss (1777-1855) Source - Wikimedia https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/10/13/the-inflexible-meddler monthly 0.5 2018-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1539458466697-GMK1J9KFZYSJ48RGNWKW/platcat_Catalytic_converter_catalyst.jpg Essays - The Enduring Facilitator How the catalytic converter works. Source - Science Learning Hub – Pokapū Akoranga Pūtaiao, University of Waikato, www.sciencelearn.org.nz https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1539632116379-0NJ1CQ13KGEA8EXSLB3I/13598235245_7af8b52a7a_b.jpg Essays - The Enduring Facilitator This image shows the resulting chlorine monoxide atom before it sheds the oxygen and becomes a catalyst able to repeat the process. Source Flickr - Siyavula Education https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1539792004038-C91MSWONL6DX0LEG8XKJ/2000px-Induced_fit_diagram.svg+%281%29.png Essays - The Enduring Facilitator The “lock and key” mechanism. The substrate on the left is split after binding with the enzyme to two new molecules. For example sucrose to fructose and glucose. Source -Wikimedia, TimVickers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1539818383887-QDSAIVUGCMQ4IPZTYDIF/Catalase_Structure+%281%29.png Essays - The Enduring Facilitator Catalase: the enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. Source - Wikimedia, Vossman https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1539954756944-8JBPRQ8DCK4BA189M433/microorganisms-06-00095-ag.png Essays - The Enduring Facilitator Bacteria facilitate nutrient absorption by plant roots. Source - phys.org, Professor James F. White Jr./Rutgers University-New Brunswick https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1539983447368-HOQVC2MYOPIRTIS052BD/howplantshar.jpg Essays - The Enduring Facilitator A root of the common reed showing bacteria in a cloud around the root tip. Source - phys.org, Professor James F. White Jr./Rutgers University-New Brunswick https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1540640163202-GNW15HS8RUR0EBB2PIAA/Weak-ties-visual.png Essays - The Enduring Facilitator The strength of weak ties. Source - https://blog.headresourcing.com/networking-and-the-strength-of-weak-ties/ https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/9/14/the-energy-squeeze monthly 0.5 2018-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536924312468-BKCH4GZ92XNW4DMFLGNK/2000px-Perovskite.svg+%281%29.png Essays - The Energy Squeeze A lead zirconate titanate crystal (PZT), one of the most common piezoelectric crystals in use today. Stretching the crystal generates an electric charge. Source - Wikipedia, Pinin https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536930241163-BIGZDTYZTN0XU47IANTL/800px-Piezoelectric_effect.svg.png Essays - The Energy Squeeze If a crystal is placed between two metal plates and stretched (a) it produces a dipole. If it is squashed (b) it produces the opposite dipole. Source - Wikimedia, CLI https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1537094666548-QU5N9QSC5EM82SB35ZGB/Curie%2C_Jacques_und_Pierre_mit_Eltern.jpg Essays - The Energy Squeeze The Curie brother, Jacque (left) and Pierre (right). Pierre and his wife Marie won the nobel prize for physics in 1903. Source - Wikimedia, author unknown (circa 1878) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1537099472376-RP620E5AHXACIHW0YU15/PSM_V74_D315_Gabriel_Lippman.png Essays - The Energy Squeeze Gabriel Lippmann, who discovered that the Curie brothers discovery of piezoelectricity was reversible. Source - Wikimedia, Popular Science Monthly Volume 74, unknown author, 1909 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1537352439472-BBSS8TENXGOEH35D8PQ2/piezotech_box01.gif Essays - The Energy Squeeze This graphic shows the different stimuli that can produce voltage from a crystal (top left) and the different effects that result from the crystal’s stimulation by an electric current (top right). Source - Seebo Blog, Yarden Hod. Credit, nec-tokin https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1537477638566-8MUQJ9VVLWQGN7BLNIDU/piezo-generators.jpg Essays - The Energy Squeeze Piezoelectric mats to recover energy from transport. Source - Innowattech https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1537480398254-50QOR4RBJ0YXSIORMKX1/human-power-operated-devices-8-638.jpg Essays - The Energy Squeeze Piezoelectric shoes. Source - Slideshare, Mayur Mohurle https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/8/21/heisenbergs-uncertainty-about-people monthly 0.5 2018-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1534950508958-MP8Q9FR1HGS4IZFRVXFC/Atomic-orbital-cloud_n3_l0_m0.png Essays - Heisenberg's Uncertainty About People Model of a hydrogen-like atom showing the probability distribution (S3) of the orbiting electron in blue. Source - Wikimedia, Geek3 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1534950993579-XYB5NFNLWQ9QVIO8JY5H/Electron_density_balloons.png Essays - Heisenberg's Uncertainty About People Model of a hydrogen-like atom showing the probability distribution (P2) of the electron in node form either side of the atoms' proton. Source - Wikimedia, CK-12 Foundation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1535032437496-YVH6TXOSNBRPG7OXNLXL/2314_Boyles_Law.jpg Essays - Heisenberg's Uncertainty About People If the volume of a body of gas is halved, the pressure doubles. Source - Wikimedia, cnx.org, OpenStax College https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1535032910695-XTTA8SIZCNV9IXPG9AP5/Temperature_Pressure_Law.svg.png Essays - Heisenberg's Uncertainty About People If the temperature in a container of gas is increased, the pressure also increases. In this illustration extra weights are needed to keep the volume steady. Source - Wikimedia, Egmason https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/8/19/brian-cox-russel-brand monthly 0.5 2018-09-03 https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/8/17/oops-1-cold-fusion monthly 0.5 2018-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1534515341449-6LIAVPPDA2PXOXGOEZ4K/770px-Kernspaltung.svg.png Essays - Oops 1 - Cold Fusion Nuclear fission of uranium 235 to Isotopes of Barium and Krypton. One gram of uranium produces energy equivalent to 3 tonnes of coal. Source Wikimedia, Stefan-Xp https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1534516673508-MJCKZVM2SNCWM38VUNZ1/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99.jpg Essays - Oops 1 - Cold Fusion The two isotopes of hydrogen (deuterium and Tritium) fuse to helium and release energy in the form of a neutron. One gram releases the energy equivalent of 15 tonnes of coal. Source Wikimedia, Padsohot1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1534615986819-LKIVJBAD53PYGX01MCUP/2000px-Cold_fusion_electrolysis.svg.png Essays - Oops 1 - Cold Fusion A simplified schematic of the Fleischmann-Pons experiment. Source, Wikimedia - Pbroks13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1534849111033-XU6V1I2JY231HGB5WLQR/1599px-Model_of_ITER_at_the_Five-Year_Achievements_Exhibition_%2820171015151734%29.jpg Essays - Oops 1 - Cold Fusion This is a model of the ITER fusion reactor. The construction has started in Southern France. Source - Wikimedia, N509FZ https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/8/13/bias-x-4 monthly 0.5 2018-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1534266234682-DQ34Z443KTQU4ZR4JYBU/Screen+Shot+2018-08-14+at+18.03.04.png Essays - Confirmation Bias Source - The Christian Science Monitor, Bennett https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1534275146504-Y194Q21R875EE9WU7SAF/11855841_10154069711883625_1776712213245263306_n.jpg Essays - Confirmation Bias https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/6/14/post-hoc-ergo-proctor-hoc monthly 0.5 2018-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1532594914342-HK2WDT2GQ63FSJVZPJ4M/image3.png Essays - Post Hoc Ergo Proctor Hoc https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1529268070051-22DWPVTPQYUXISB8VA1H/image2.png Essays - Post Hoc Ergo Proctor Hoc https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/6/14/pixelated-knowledge monthly 0.5 2018-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1529503045564-XS6XEHJSNNTA89SVMSUI/Reed%E2%80%93Solomon_error_correction_Mona_Lisa_LroLrLasercomFig4.jpg Essays - Pixelated Knowledge ImagefromWikimedia Commons - Oaktree b https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1532528006105-1GFKKVAYC7TC60PYLJ89/Periodic.jpg Essays - Pixelated Knowledge Elements higher than Uranium are removed because they are unstable and don't occur naturally in nature. Source - Wikipedia, Agung Karjono https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536097922603-ANSRE8MJF6Q245DSC2X6/texture-254576_960_720.jpg Essays - Pixelated Knowledge https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536097575488-UVRXXIZD5PZIDB0Q4A1X/texture-254576_960_720.jpg Essays - Pixelated Knowledge The colour of the missing pixel is 'guessed' by averaging the colour of the 8 surrounding pixels. Source - Me https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536177335293-VJYY2OE0KQMJGE3H3PNB/Document6.jpg Essays - Pixelated Knowledge Youtube resolution comparison using NASA and Roscomos imagery. Source - Wikimwedia, NASA https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/8/3/the-grand-canyon-in-3-chapters monthly 0.5 2018-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1533313887927-KCD281D9RTVHYKYA8H7C/Coloradorivermap.jpg Essays - The Grand Canyon in 3 Chapters https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1533403431188-NR6EJNWCY3ANI0G23PWE/sidecanyon.jpg Essays - The Grand Canyon in 3 Chapters From bobbordash.com https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1533471591067-8YKSGPU7PX8AWTVAHJGA/Stratigraphy_of_the_Grand_Canyon.png Essays - The Grand Canyon in 3 Chapters From Wikimedia Commons and www.nature.nps.gov https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1533559470820-UAZ4Q4P08GS1RG44WIYZ/Colorado_Plateau_ecoregion_map.jpg Essays - The Grand Canyon in 3 Chapters https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1533565784185-VUR760AT684768BXOX7Q/Himalayan_foreland_basin.png Essays - The Grand Canyon in 3 Chapters From Wikipedia: Himalayan foreland basin. The pink area is a basin formed as the indian subcontinent subducts under the mountains, creating a low lying area. https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/6/20/speculate-to-accumulate monthly 0.5 2018-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1529511224546-QPOWLE0YRJ5GUHFDPKSC/bending_starlight_full.jpg Essays - Speculate to Accumulate Image from NASA's Cosmic Times https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1529511454129-M4D9OUA0SRTY1P3QUWOB/Interior_of_a_London_Coffee-house%2C_17th_century.JPG Essays - Speculate to Accumulate Interior of a London Coffee-house, 17th century from WIkimedia Commons https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/5/10/the-cosmic-stepladder monthly 0.5 2018-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1529415027492-GMJ5YBJKRD45TJ3OHPFY/Document14.jpg Essays - The cosmic staircase 1 - Intro Each technique will be covered in further articles. Cepheid Variables for example will include the story of its discoverer Henrietta Swan Levitt, which will lead in turn to a series of articles on women in science. Here I will concentrate on two objects. First, the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), which is a small galactic cluster just outside our own Milky Way. It’s a sort of Milky Way groupie. The second is our nearest galactic neighbour, Andromeda. The distance of both of these objects has been measured using multiple techniques, and I have shown five of them above.You can see the two vertical lines for these objects running through the 5 techniques. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536240755198-7JEEEEOC1965JELV0ZI4/M31_-_Andromeda_Galaxy_by_Kees_Scherer.jpg Essays - The cosmic staircase 1 - Intro The Andromeda Galaxy. Source - Wikimedia, Kees Scherer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1529421752399-IVFFG53E7X81582GCPU2/Document15.jpg Essays - The cosmic staircase 1 - Intro https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/6/21/cosmic-staircase-the-prequel monthly 0.5 2018-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1529602531668-EE6LKKXUIEWRJHK2QWWT/Distance_by_triangulation.svg.png Essays - Cosmic Staircase 2 - The Prequel Image from Wikimedia Commons, 4C https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536253626345-U6TP8AP79GSBQSDSX3TL/1859_U.S._Coast_Survey_Triangulation_Map_of_the_Florida_Keys_-_Geographicus_-_FloridaKeys-uscs-1859.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 2 - The Prequel Triangulation network of the Florida Keys and south coast (1859). Image from Wikimedia Commons, Geographicus Rare Antique Maps https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1529602881853-VFXHMP069OHQP1NAXVOE/2000px-Abu_Reyhan_Biruni-Earth_Circumference.svg.png Essays - Cosmic Staircase 2 - The Prequel Biruni (973 - 1048) used triangulation to work out the radius of Earth. Source - Wikimedia, Nevit Dilmen https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536255303080-CXNYOPPYDN1ZZ9XUKABJ/HipparchusEclipse.png Essays - Cosmic Staircase 2 - The Prequel Hipparchus method for calculating the distance to the moon. Source - Wikimedia, Dantheox https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536255802897-UH5383QRQ6F56R1JOCS0/Apollo_11_Lunar_Laser_Ranging_Experiment.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 2 - The Prequel Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment. This retroreflector was left by the Apollo 11 mission in 1969. Source - Wikimedia, NASA Apollo Archive https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536256358453-B8G6IL8FM6ASZYR5ODCZ/15-011a-NewHorizons-PlutoFlyby-ArtistConcept-14July2015-20150115.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 2 - The Prequel Artist depiction of the New Horizons spacecraft near Pluto and its moon, Charon. Source Wikimedia, NASA https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/6/29/u5pc57km5imal9g3i2oglqsjnh1hi8 monthly 0.5 2018-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530278345889-H0JK1VJO0JEY35OIT92J/Document23.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 3 - Triangles to the Stars https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530278810433-91MTVAGBA212BQT7MXED/Document24.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 3 - Triangles to the Stars https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536315582317-L7LFAG53F0XBZJQ955NF/Hipparcos-testing-estec.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 3 - Triangles to the Stars Hipparcos satellite being tested in the Large Solar Simulator. Source - Wikimedia, Michael Perryman https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536315922735-V8KV3LF0YJ32ZA2CKR3Y/27946391011_082bdfb59a_b.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 3 - Triangles to the Stars The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) begins its return to orbit as an improved telescope after its second servicing mission in February 1997. Source Flickr, NASA https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536316668308-PMRTCWKH9LVWWQ86GIPB/GAIA_%2814050944939%29.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 3 - Triangles to the Stars The Gaia space telescope. Source - Wikimedia, DLA German Aerospace Centre https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530280677163-PATGSYUZZLKISO2JMWII/1200px-236084main_MilkyWay-full-annotated.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 3 - Triangles to the Stars Artist impression of the Milky Way Showing the location of the sun and the range of Gaia. Source NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Hurt https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530286239724-HSTA1RQ7J94ERWKC5N1D/sn1987a.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 3 - Triangles to the Stars The aftermath of Supernova 1987A showing the ring energised by the supernova ejecta. Source http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1401a/ https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530286567412-W6IGXCIJMUSVWIY9CY2K/5_Local_Galactic_Group_%28ELitU%29.png Essays - Cosmic Staircase 3 - Triangles to the Stars Our local galactic group. Source - Wikimedia, Andrew Z. Colvin https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530286849526-VNJL7KC5XVCP6SVR5ELF/Document14.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 3 - Triangles to the Stars https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/6/29/cosmic-staircase-eclipsing-binary-stars monthly 0.5 2018-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530357535661-VQPGYYYYDD33U4OAH115/Light_curve_of_binary_star_Kepler-16.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 4 - Eclipsing Binary Stars When the smaller star partially blocks the larger star, a primary eclipse occurs, and a secondary eclips occurs when the smaller star is occulted. Source - Wikimedia, NASA https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536337464092-9KY3H2KPZBXKQIJNF55K/Phi_Aurigae.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 4 - Eclipsing Binary Stars Beta Aurigae or Menkalinan. Source - Wikipedia, David Ritter https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530359529714-6KPGZUMY72WCUKGY2VP3/The_unusual_double_star_SS_Leporis.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 4 - Eclipsing Binary Stars SS Leporis was observed using the VLT interferometre at the Paranal Observatory in Chile, %) times sharper than Hubble. Source - Wikimedia, ESO/Pionier/IPAG https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530360380434-38RTRZ4C60F64CMSCKWR/Ara+cluster.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 4 - Eclipsing Binary Stars The Ara Cluster, Where super and hypergiant binaries established the distance as 12,000 light years. Source - Flckr, Brandon G. Lima https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530360434584-8E6Y68HMVIGU94RXEQJO/Map_of_the_Large_Magellanic_Cloud.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 4 - Eclipsing Binary Stars The Large Magellanic Cloud showing the location of eight eclipsing binaries. Source - European Southern Observatory - Credit ESO/R. Gendler https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/7/2/tip-of-the-red-giant-branch-trgb monthly 0.5 2018-11-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530487271662-1GV0MEBDBBSVO307DKXJ/hrcolour.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 5 - Tip of the Red Giant Branch (TRGB) The HR diagram showing the main sequence of star formation and life history (bottom right to top left). Stars with a mass greater than 1.8 time our sun leave the main sequence (7) and eventually populate the horizontal branch. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536410349871-8MDR89OXHI5HBRJA9FRS/Structure_of_Stars_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 5 - Tip of the Red Giant Branch (TRGB) Difference between a red giant and a star like our sun. Our sun converts hydrogen to helium, but the red giant, after converting all the hydrogen at the core creates a shell of burning hydrogen around a helium core. Source - Wikimedia, http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0729a/ https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536411592339-7CBEOZ8C92BXDMYEBFIX/5_Local_Galactic_Group_%28ELitU%29.png Essays - Cosmic Staircase 5 - Tip of the Red Giant Branch (TRGB) Andromeda and its satellite dwarf galaxies. Source - Wikimedia, Andrew Z. Colvin https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536439273437-CI79566NZ02U5KK59YZ3/NGC_0185_2MASS.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 5 - Tip of the Red Giant Branch (TRGB) NGC185 or Caldwell 18. A small companion galaxy to Andromeda, and 550 million light years closer to the Milky Way. Source - Wikipedia https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536439219593-RDPLX6ZZPZWU9JQGV38Q/Phot-09a-02-normal.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 5 - Tip of the Red Giant Branch (TRGB) The Antennae Galaxies, 45 million light years away. Source - Wikimedia, http://www.eso.org/gallery/v/ESOPIA/Galaxies/phot-09a-02-normal.jpg.html https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536439706787-G9FAHLSOOG98U4KNHP0W/Document14.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 5 - Tip of the Red Giant Branch (TRGB) https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/6/21/cosmic-staircase-cepheid-variables monthly 0.5 2018-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536489810418-G56KF0IRY8X1NMKJ1XPF/Leavitt_henrietta_b1.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 6 - Cepheid Variables Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868 - 1921). Sorce - Wikimedia, American Institute of Physics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1529586961585-Q1KA2IK23EDIRPB36MP2/Document20.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 6 - Cepheid Variables Light curve of cepheid variable Delta Cephei. Source - Wikimedia, ThomasK Vbg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1529587376416-K385OY7ZVPDAPJ9HMY24/Period-Luminosity_Relation_for_Cepheids.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 6 - Cepheid Variables The period luminosity curve for two types of cepheid variable. Source - Wikimedia, Vedran V https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1529587592126-7XLMNOK06ASQ8LS5J5XV/2000px-Inverse_square_law.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 6 - Cepheid Variables The inverse square law. Brightness decreases by the square of the distance (twice as far away, four times fainter). Source - Wikipedia https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1529588555544-SAJE5ICBAPB8S9Y2WLNJ/NGC_4603.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 6 - Cepheid Variables NGC 4603, the furthest galaxy measured by the Cepheid Variable technique. Source - Wikimedia, NASA and Jeffery Newman https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1529588157499-OM34WEPMQJU24O4YCPOG/PIA10113.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 6 - Cepheid Variables Image from NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer shows the galaxy NGC 300. Source - Jet Propulsion Laboratory https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536492519325-IT79G6OT9LHEORANDWUM/Document14.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 6 - Cepheid Variables https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/7/1/6mndwq0qd2d3m6yfc6iwww5vfvguu6 monthly 0.5 2018-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530460749253-E8HXI0R7HWQ2I4A9XEPM/Document1.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 7 - Surface Brightness Fluctuations Queen's head showing a close up of the eye where the individual dots can be seen. Source - PublicDomainPictures.net https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536523718774-HV95PSOE8RWYTFW0AONK/Document1.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 7 - Surface Brightness Fluctuations Tricolour television close up. Source - Wikimedia, Martin Howard https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530469686047-LKY9X4KUOA1PET0DM6HK/PIA19334.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 7 - Surface Brightness Fluctuations NASA's Nuclear Telescope Array, or NuSTAR x-ray image of the core of our galaxy. It is the most detailed ever taken. Source - Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA/JPL-CAltech https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536525109072-NZXWMERCP7XZM6KYTCV6/agc1060.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 7 - Surface Brightness Fluctuations The Hydra Cluster. Source - astronomy-mall.com/adventures in deep space, Steve Gottlieb https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536527135309-02352VY1PRQ1MJWD6XSW/NGC_4696_hubble.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 7 - Surface Brightness Fluctuations The NGC 4696 galaxy in the Centaurus Cluster. Source - Wikimedia, NASA and the Hubble Space Telescope https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530461353949-BU45OIX013S7VQAMFLT2/Document14.jpg Essays - Cosmic Staircase 7 - Surface Brightness Fluctuations https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/7/2/stardust monthly 0.5 2018-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530570262829-N8XNXAUPIUPCLF9DFV16/Wavelength.png Essays - Stardust Wavelength of an electromagnetic wave. Source - WIkimedia, Ysangkok at English WIkipedia https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536771215699-0NA0T1LSRRAOWW92A3LA/EM_Spectrum_Properties_edit.svg.png Essays - Stardust Electromagnetic spectrum showing the type, wavelength, frequency and temperature. Source - Wikimedia, Inductiveload, NASA https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530570461148-WCH453KA1DG9618B73II/Document2.jpg Essays - Stardust The Fraunhofer lines in the spectrum of the Sun. Source - Wikimedia, FraunhoferlinesDE.svg, Cepheiden, Eric Bajart https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530618959130-B8FCH0V7IYQRFLK4M4TZ/41477132114_5dc1c004ee_b.jpg Essays - Stardust Hubble Space Telescope image of galaxy MACS1149-JD1, where oxygen was unexpectedly detected. Source - Wikimedia,ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, W. Zheng (JHU), M. Postman (STScI), the CLASH Team, Hashimoto et al. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530570852163-RA2UIV8B7IEE09CAM2FU/Galaxy_images_from_the_GAMA_survey.jpg Essays - Stardust This shows the same galaxy observed in infrared, optical and ultraviolet light. Source - Wikimedia, ICRAR/GAMA and ESO https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530619599298-IU70RILZ0TEDT2N0SU8S/WMAP_image_of_the_CMB_anisotropy.jpg Essays - Stardust Microwave background map of the universe. Source - Wikimedia, NASA/Goddard/WMAP Science Team https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530619851375-7EXROWQ1IG2WHGJ5BUHG/15107657674_0d6c488c37_b.jpg Essays - Stardust The very early stage of the development of a solar system HL Tauri. Source - Wikipedia, ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO) - http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1436a/ http://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/large/eso1436a.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530620205916-F3LKBS54HMMNIXP6C8ZM/10049557373_019d974342_b.jpg Essays - Stardust Galaxy NGC 1316 or Fornax A. Source National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Image courtesy of NRAO/AUI and J. M. Uson https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530621038641-GXI716WHHHBC59H7DMP2/Crab_Nebula_in_Multiple_Wavelengths.png Essays - Stardust The Crab Nebula in multiple wavelengths. Source - WIkimedia, Torre997 (for contributions to each image go to https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crab_Nebula_in_Multiple_Wavelengths.png) https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/6/25/radioactive-aging monthly 0.5 2018-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1529930512503-MABZIOZ3MBXTH2U4ZAD3/Document22.jpg Essays - Radioactive Dating How the half life of Nickel to Copper works. Source - Me https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1529944270147-4EJP9MXTM7H61DAPY31S/Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29.png Essays - Radioactive Dating The ridiculously long decay chain from Uranium 238 to Lead 206. Source - Wikimedia, Tosaka https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530010328670-L3KWYFQBTMOV9HW8JEK1/204_Isotopes_of_Hydrogen-01.jpg Essays - Radioactive Dating The three isotopes of hydrogen. Source - Wikimedia, OpenStax College https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536844339690-YL9L5Z8WYCNYA2913KBJ/1200px-Electron_shell_028_Nickel_-_no_label.svg+%281%29.png Essays - Radioactive Dating The atomic structure of Nickel showing the rings of electrons (2-8-16-2). Source - WIkipedia, Pumbaa and Greg Robson https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530043960708-IFD15VN6KPJ1XD2QDJHT/5351052004_532cf9e28b_z+%281%29.jpg Essays - Radioactive Dating How carbon 14 enters the environment and is fixed in living things through the absorption of carbon dioxide. Source - Flickr, Mrs Pugliano https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530195065627-SYGEB7V2WN821CE76JB7/uranium+thorium.png Essays - Radioactive Dating Secular Equibrium. The balance maintained in the transition elements from uranium 238 to Thorium 230. Source - Wikimedia, Tosaka https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530199078727-Y5EV7AE6R0WCH28KJ0E3/Dualzerfall_von_K40.png Essays - Radioactive Dating Potassium decaying to Argon and Calcium in volcanic rock - Source - Wikimedia, Dominic Vilsmeier https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530208756935-FUU05PQ49XH9OVQQH9MT/C%CC%A7jkgfmj.jpg Essays - Radioactive Dating Fission Track Dating. When uranium decays in a crystalline structure it leaves tracks over time. Source - Wikipedia, Abdulkadirtiryaki https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1530217137730-9KJ2LAHGVATH0CPVYNOK/radiometric+dating+chart.jpg Essays - Radioactive Dating The table of radiometric dating techniques that shows their range and how they overlap with each other. Source - Me https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/6/21/the-statistical-fallow-field monthly 0.5 2018-11-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1536850134949-B4639LC79DZI99AO1SZH/Wordie_Ice_Shelf_Break_up_-_Antarctica.gif Essays - The Statistical Fallow Field An example of retreating ice in Antarctica’s Wordie Ice Shelf. Source - Wikimedia, United State Geological Survey https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/2018/6/20/the-abacus-zip-code monthly 0.5 2018-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1529528594576-FSWGY4I5U1FFYCKUIFUT/Document16.jpg Essays - The Abacus Bar Code Investment return using the single variable of the number of horses in the race. Source - Me https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1529529029441-W0ZIPCBSF0DDH31LTQ37/Document17.jpg Essays - The Abacus Bar Code Investment return using two variables (number of horses and race distance). Source - Me https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1529529653321-6C5KISFZG1ZC995Y6KV8/download.jpeg Essays - The Abacus Bar Code Any position in this onion can be defined by three coordinates, Source - Pixabay https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1529530020495-2AI9U3BGXCIQ3OQU8344/Document18.jpg Essays - The Abacus Bar Code The Abacus Barcode model for multiple regression analysis. Source - Me https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/category/Connectedness monthly 0.5 https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/tag/human+factor monthly 0.5 https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/tag/Connectedness monthly 0.5 https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/tag/knowledge+is+a+journey monthly 0.5 https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/articles/tag/age monthly 0.5 https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/home daily 1.0 2018-11-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1527023108013-C9C9CKEIIXTTDOQE9IV9/constellations-cosmos-dark-982378.jpg Home https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1541947520076-DKRTCP347HMZVDXW1WSE/download+%282%29.png Home Roger Mould Follow us on Facebook and Twitter https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/navigation-test-2 daily 0.75 2018-07-25 https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/navigation-test-2/2018/7/25/navigation-test-with-comments monthly 0.5 2018-07-25 https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/latest-posts daily 0.75 2018-10-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1540917153900-R7L5VVCDY9DP0S153C10/howplantshar.jpg Latest Posts - The Enduring Facilitator You walk into a room occupied by two people. You force the first person to exchange clothes with you, then you force that person to exchange clothes with the second person. You then exchange clothes with the second person, and leave the room as the only person with his original clothes on. Although it is not strictly true that you haven’t been changed at all by the experience, in human terms you have just been a catalyst. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1538404149677-2XEATHS7W92GU5RXTPN5/2000px-Perovskite.svg.png Latest Posts - The Energy Squeeze What this basically means is that by squeezing or stretching a crystal you can generate electrical energy. Conversely, if you introduce electrical energy to a crystal it will flex. These two phenomena, called the piezoelectric effect, allow crystals to be used in a wide variety of applications https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1537135904291-QSOP2L2T4OT3VANAKDSZ/werner-heisenberg-156004_960_720.png Latest Posts - Heisenberg’s Uncertainty About People Werner Heisenberg discovered something amazing about how sub atomic particles behave and the consequences of trying to observe them. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1537135559395-VY36DBNA7NYC1TIOSCPS/17000936316_700d92d7fc.jpg Latest Posts - Confirmation Bias When I was a kid I was always being told off for not doing my homework. I would try to explain to teachers that I had been ill, or a plane had crashed into our back garden, or that my pet tarantula had died, but they were unwilling to accept my reasonable explanations. Much later in life when I understood more about cognitive bias, I realised https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af4644be7494080abde6d02/1537135629701-O5563UJWB2FGU253NJQE/4023481274_0e834ca192_b.jpg Latest Posts - Oops 1 - Cold Fusion There's fission, and then there's fusion. These two things are similar in some ways and completely different in others. Both describe how an element changes to another element and in so doing releases energy. What makes them do this and the circumstances in which they are able to do it is what makes them so very different. https://www.howknowledgeworks.com/navigation-test daily 0.75 2018-07-20